Description: This dataset estimates the mass in dry tonnes of dairy manure, piggery manure and poultry manure and bedding (wet tonnes also given for poultry) residues potentially available across NSW, Australia. This information has been collated for the Australian Biomass for Bioenergy Assessment (ABBA) project and will be available for use on the Australian Renewable Energy Mapping Infrastructure (AREMI) platform, to build a national map to service the renewable energy sector.
The boundary features were extracted from the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) Australian Statistical Geography Standard (ASGS) digital boundaries [Copyright Commonwealth of Australia administered by the ABS]. This dataset is mapped at the Statistical Area Level 2 (SA2).
Each SA2 region shows the average annual combined total dairy, piggery and poultry manure and bedding residues for the period July 2010 to June 2015 (average of 5 years). This layer gives a quick reference summary of the 3 residue types, which have been individually mapped in more detail. The SA2 residues were derived using the 'parent' SA4 region residue totals (calculated using the ABS ASGS Agricultural Commodities, Australia, cat. no. 7121.0 data cubes and from research carried out by the NSW Forest Science unit, Department of Primary Industries - Forestry) and by applying calculated percentages using livestock numbers from the ABS 2010-11 SA2 agricultural survey data to determine the distribution of residues at this level. Please note the location of residues for the SA2 maps is based on the 2010-11 livestock distribution.
Note: For dairy cattle and pigs, only manure was calculated at the SA4 level. For poultry, only manure was calculated for layer chickens and manure plus bedding was calculated for meat chickens. This is due to limitations of the ABS dataset in that it does not detail the type of system employed at the farming scale (i.e. piggery manure can be collected by a deep litter or conventional system and poultry farms can be caged, barn or free range). Without this information, calculating the bedding component was not achievable for some livestock. For poultry, although this information was not available, assumptions from literature were able to be used and applied beyond regional boundaries across NSW. For more detail about the methodology and assumptions used in the manure and bedding calculations please see the SA4 level datasets for each livestock type.
Some SA2 regions were merged and the results were combined. Most commonly merged regions were built up areas contained wholly within the same regional area (i.e. Goulburn and Goulburn Region were merged) or adjacent regions that were either small or built up areas.
For more information on the derivation of the residue volumes please contact the NSW Forest Science unit and look at the following references:
Dairy
Dairy Australia (2008) ‘Effluent and Manure Management Database for the Australian Dairy Industry’, Dairy Australia - http://www.dairyingfortomorrow.com.au/wp-content/uploads/combined.pdf
Nennich T et al. (2005) ‘Prediction of Manure and Nutrient Excretion from Dairy Cattle’, J. Dairy Sci., 88:3721–3733 - https://www.researchgate.net/publication/7599564_Prediction_of_Manure_and_Nutrient_Excretion_from_Dairy_Cattle
Ryan D et al. (1997) ‘Realistic Rations’, Dairy Research & Development Corporation and NSW Agriculture - https://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0018/163332/realistic-rations.pdf
Dairy Australia (2013) ‘A guide to growing more productive heifers’, https://www.google.com.au/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=8&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwi0jbm1sODXAhWLxrwKHRUEAxIQFghNMAc&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dairyaustralia.com.au%2F-%2Fmedia%2Fdairyaustralia%2Fdocuments%2Ffarm%2Fanimal-care%2Ffertility%2Fheifer-management%2Fheifers-on-target-guide-to-growing-more-productive-heifers.ashx&usg=AOvVaw0xVNrjgb4bRMThAYzTI6L5
Piggery
FSA Consulting (2011) ‘National Environmental Guidelines for Piggeries, Second Edition (Revised)’, Prepared By FSA Consulting for: Australian Pork Limited, APL Project No 2008/2231 - https://www.environment.gov.au/system/files/pages/c7dc0bcb-56b7-41c0-9c66-69618c7dcad7/files/cfi-national-environmental-guidelines-piggeries.pdf
McGahan EJ et al. (2010) ‘Estimates of Manure Production from Animals for Methane Production’, RIRDC Publication No. 10/151, RIRDC Project No. PRJ-002831. https://rirdc.infoservices.com.au/downloads/10-151
Poultry
Wiedemann SG et al. (2015) ‘Grower options for spent litter utilisation’, RIRDC Publication No. 14/093. www.agrifutures.com.au/wp-content/uploads/publications/14-093.pdf
McGahan E et al. (2014) ‘National Environmental Management System for the Meat Chicken Industry Version 2 - Part A – Manual of Good Practice for the Meat Chicken Industry’, RIRDC Publication No. 14/100. http://www.agrifutures.com.au/publications/national-environmental-management-system-for-the-meat-chicken-industry-version-2/
Wiedemann SG (2015) ‘Energy Recovery from Litter: A Guide for Users’, FSA Consulting, RIRDC Publication No. 14/096. www.agrifutures.com.au/wp-content/uploads/publications/14-096.pdf
ASAE D384.2 (2005) ‘Manure Production and Characteristics’, In: ASAE STANDARDS 2005. www.agronext.iastate.edu/immag/pubs/manure-prod-char-d384-2.pdf
Barnett JL et al. (2008) ‘National Animal Welfare Standards for the Chicken Meat Industry, Manual for Meat Chicken Farming’, ISBN 1 921010 22 3. http://www.chicken.org.au/files/_system/Document/Animal%20Welfare%20Standards/ME%20074%20Chicken%20Standards%20-%20Farming%20Manual-2.pdf
Runge GA et al. (2007) ‘Chicken litter – Issues associated with sourcing and use’, RIRDC Publication No. 07/035. www.agrifutures.com.au/wp-content/uploads/publications/07-035.pdf
Scott P et al. (2009) ‘Structure and dynamics of Australia's commercial poultry and ratite industries’, Report prepared for: The Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Office of the Chief Veterinary Officer by Scolexia Animal and Avian Health Consultancy. https://www.google.com.au/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0ahUKEwiF3KOz5qbZAhUN8WMKHbfgAGYQFggnMAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.agriculture.gov.au%2FSiteCollectionDocuments%2Fanimal-plant%2Fanimal-health%2Flivestock-movement%2Fstructure-poultry-ratite-ind.doc&usg=AOvVaw0RQPilOEqf4frem_Bc5D5
Tag: NSW-L
Copyright Text: NSW Forest Science, Department of Primary Industries - Forestry
Description: This dataset estimates the mass in dry tonnes of dairy manure residues potentially available across NSW, Australia. This information has been collated for the Australian Biomass for Bioenergy Assessment (ABBA) project and will be available for use on the Australian Renewable Energy Mapping Infrastructure (AREMI) platform, to build a national map to service the renewable energy sector.
The boundary features were extracted from the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) Australian Statistical Geography Standard (ASGS) digital boundaries [Copyright Commonwealth of Australia administered by the ABS]. This dataset is mapped at the Statistical Area Level 2 (SA2).
Each SA2 region shows the average annual dairy manure residues for the period July 2010 to June 2015 (average of 5 years). The SA2 residues were derived using the 'parent' SA4 region residue totals (calculated using the ABS ASGS Agricultural Commodities, Australia, cat. no. 7121.0 data cubes and from research carried out by the NSW Forest Science unit, Department of Primary Industries - Forestry) and by applying calculated percentages using livestock numbers from the ABS 2010-11 SA2 agricultural survey data to determine the distribution of residues at this level. Please note the location of residues for the SA2 maps is based on the 2010-11 livestock distribution.
Note: For dairy cattle only manure was calculated at the SA4 level. For more detail about the methodology and assumptions used in the manure calculations please see the dairy SA4 level dataset.
Some SA2 regions were merged and the results were combined. Most commonly merged regions were built up areas contained wholly within the same regional area (i.e. Goulburn and Goulburn Region were merged) or adjacent regions that were either small or built up areas.
For more information on the derivation of the residue volumes please contact the NSW Forest Science unit and look at the following references:
Dairy
Dairy Australia (2008) ‘Effluent and Manure Management Database for the Australian Dairy Industry’, Dairy Australia - http://www.dairyingfortomorrow.com.au/wp-content/uploads/combined.pdf
Nennich T et al. (2005) ‘Prediction of Manure and Nutrient Excretion from Dairy Cattle’, J. Dairy Sci., 88:3721–3733 - https://www.researchgate.net/publication/7599564_Prediction_of_Manure_and_Nutrient_Excretion_from_Dairy_Cattle
Ryan D et al. (1997) ‘Realistic Rations’, Dairy Research & Development Corporation and NSW Agriculture - https://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0018/163332/realistic-rations.pdf
Dairy Australia (2013) ‘A guide to growing more productive heifers’, https://www.google.com.au/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=8&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwi0jbm1sODXAhWLxrwKHRUEAxIQFghNMAc&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dairyaustralia.com.au%2F-%2Fmedia%2Fdairyaustralia%2Fdocuments%2Ffarm%2Fanimal-care%2Ffertility%2Fheifer-management%2Fheifers-on-target-guide-to-growing-more-productive-heifers.ashx&usg=AOvVaw0xVNrjgb4bRMThAYzTI6L5
Tag: NSW-LD
Copyright Text: NSW Forest Science, Department of Primary Industries - Forestry
Description: This dataset estimates the mass in dry tonnes of dairy manure residues potentially available across NSW, Australia. This information has been collated for the Australian Biomass for Bioenergy Assessment (ABBA) project and will be available for use on the Australian Renewable Energy Mapping Infrastructure (AREMI) platform, to build a national map to service the renewable energy sector.
The boundary features were extracted from the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) Australian Statistical Geography Standard (ASGS) digital boundaries [Copyright Commonwealth of Australia administered by the ABS]. This dataset is mapped at the Statistical Area Level 4 (SA4).
Each SA4 region shows the average annual dairy manure residues for the period July 2010 to June 2015 (average of 5 years). The SA4 residues were calculated using data from the ABS ASGS Agricultural Commodities, Australia, cat. no. 7121.0 data cubes and from research carried out by the NSW Forest Science unit, Department of Primary Industries - Forestry.
The residues were calculated for each ABS class of dairy cattle as follows: Cows in milk and dry, Calves, Heifers 1 to 2 years, Heifers over 2 years and All other (bulls, steers). From the literature, assumptions were made and averages were calculated, such as daily milk production = 15.5kg/day; average live weight and dry matter intake (DMI) were calculated for each ABS dairy cattle class and time spent in holding yards and feedpads where an acceptable minimum was determined to be 3hrs/day and maximum 10hrs/day. Daily milk production was used as a factor in calculating the manure for Cows in milk and dry. DMI was used as a factor for calculating manure in all other classes. Dry matter (Total solids = TS), volatile solids (VS), minimum yard time and maximum yard time were calculated for each dairy cattle class. When all calculations were complete for an SA4 region, the class totals were added together to give an overall Total TS, Total VS, Min yard and Max yard manure residues for each SA4 region.
For more information on the derivation of the residue volumes please contact the NSW Forest Science unit and look at the following references:
Dairy
Dairy Australia (2008) ‘Effluent and Manure Management Database for the Australian Dairy Industry’, Dairy Australia - http://www.dairyingfortomorrow.com.au/wp-content/uploads/combined.pdf
Nennich T et al. (2005) ‘Prediction of Manure and Nutrient Excretion from Dairy Cattle’, J. Dairy Sci., 88:3721–3733 - https://www.researchgate.net/publication/7599564_Prediction_of_Manure_and_Nutrient_Excretion_from_Dairy_Cattle
Ryan D et al. (1997) ‘Realistic Rations’, Dairy Research & Development Corporation and NSW Agriculture - https://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0018/163332/realistic-rations.pdf
Dairy Australia (2013) ‘A guide to growing more productive heifers’, https://www.google.com.au/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=8&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwi0jbm1sODXAhWLxrwKHRUEAxIQFghNMAc&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dairyaustralia.com.au%2F-%2Fmedia%2Fdairyaustralia%2Fdocuments%2Ffarm%2Fanimal-care%2Ffertility%2Fheifer-management%2Fheifers-on-target-guide-to-growing-more-productive-heifers.ashx&usg=AOvVaw0xVNrjgb4bRMThAYzTI6L5
Tag: NSW-LD
Copyright Text: NSW Forest Science, Department of Primary Industries - Forestry
Description: This dataset estimates the mass in dry tonnes of piggery manure residues potentially available across NSW, Australia. This information has been collated for the Australian Biomass for Bioenergy Assessment (ABBA) project and will be available for use on the Australian Renewable Energy Mapping Infrastructure (AREMI) platform, to build a national map to service the renewable energy sector.
The boundary features were extracted from the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) Australian Statistical Geography Standard (ASGS) digital boundaries [Copyright Commonwealth of Australia administered by the ABS]. This dataset is mapped at the Statistical Area Level 2 (SA2).
Each SA2 region shows the average annual piggery manure residues for the period July 2010 to June 2015 (average of 5 years). The SA2 residues were derived using the 'parent' SA4 region residue totals (calculated using the ABS ASGS Agricultural Commodities, Australia, cat. no. 7121.0 data cubes and from research carried out by the NSW Forest Science unit, Department of Primary Industries - Forestry) and by applying calculated percentages using livestock numbers from the ABS 2010-11 SA2 agricultural survey data to determine the distribution of residues at this level. Please note the location of residues for the SA2 maps is based on the 2010-11 livestock distribution.
Note: For pigs, only manure as excreted was calculated at the SA4 level. This is due to limitations of the ABS dataset in that it does not detail the type of system employed at the farming scale (i.e. piggery manure can be collected by a deep litter or conventional system). Without this information, calculating the bedding component was not acheivable. For more detail about the methodology and assumptions used in the manure calculations please see the piggery SA4 level dataset.
Some SA2 regions were merged and the results were combined. Most commonly merged regions were built up areas contained wholly within the same regional area (i.e. Goulburn and Goulburn Region were merged) or adjacent regions that were either small or built up areas.
For more information on the derivation of the residue volumes please contact the NSW Forest Science unit and look at the following references:
Piggery
FSA Consulting (2011) ‘National Environmental Guidelines for Piggeries, Second Edition (Revised)’, Prepared By FSA Consulting for: Australian Pork Limited, APL Project No 2008/2231 - https://www.environment.gov.au/system/files/pages/c7dc0bcb-56b7-41c0-9c66-69618c7dcad7/files/cfi-national-environmental-guidelines-piggeries.pdf
McGahan EJ et al. (2010) ‘Estimates of Manure Production from Animals for Methane Production’, RIRDC Publication No. 10/151, RIRDC Project No. PRJ-002831. https://rirdc.infoservices.com.au/downloads/10-151
Tag: NSW-LP
Copyright Text: NSW Forest Science, Department of Primary Industries - Forestry
Description: This dataset estimates the mass in dry tonnes of piggery manure residues potentially available across NSW, Australia. This information has been collated for the Australian Biomass for Bioenergy Assessment (ABBA) project and will be available for use on the Australian Renewable Energy Mapping Infrastructure (AREMI) platform, to build a national map to service the renewable energy sector.
The boundary features were extracted from the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) Australian Statistical Geography Standard (ASGS) digital boundaries [Copyright Commonwealth of Australia administered by the ABS]. This dataset is mapped at the Statistical Area Level 4 (SA4).
Each SA4 region shows the average annual piggery manure residues for the period July 2010 to June 2015 (average of 5 years). The SA4 residues were calculated using data from the ABS ASGS Agricultural Commodities, Australia, cat. no. 7121.0 data cubes and from research carried out by the NSW Forest Science unit, Department of Primary Industries - Forestry.
The residues were calculated for each ABS class of pigs as follows: Breeding sows and All other (boars, finishers, gilts, growers, suckers, weaners). From the literature, assumptions were made such as Breeding sows = Gestating sows and All other = 1 Standard Pig Unit (SPU) = Grower pigs. There was no way to determine from the ABS data or the literature what system (deep litter or conventional) was been used at the farm scale, hence bedding could not be calculated. Therefore this dataset only represents manure as excreted. Total solids (TS) and volatile solids (VS) were calculated for each SA4 region. No minimum or maximum manure was calculated as there was not enough detailed information to determine these. When all calculations were complete for an SA4 region, the class totals were added together to give an overall Total TS and Total VS manure residues for each SA4 region.
For more information on the derivation of the residue volumes please contact the NSW Forest Science unit and look at the following references:
Piggery
FSA Consulting (2011) ‘National Environmental Guidelines for Piggeries, Second Edition (Revised)’, Prepared By FSA Consulting for: Australian Pork Limited, APL Project No 2008/2231 - https://www.environment.gov.au/system/files/pages/c7dc0bcb-56b7-41c0-9c66-69618c7dcad7/files/cfi-national-environmental-guidelines-piggeries.pdf
McGahan EJ et al. (2010) ‘Estimates of Manure Production from Animals for Methane Production’, RIRDC Publication No. 10/151, RIRDC Project No. PRJ-002831. https://rirdc.infoservices.com.au/downloads/10-151
Tag: NSW-LP
Copyright Text: NSW Forest Science, Department of Primary Industries - Forestry
Description: This dataset estimates the mass in dry tonnes (wet tonnes also given) of poultry manure and bedding residues potentially available across NSW, Australia. This information has been collated for the Australian Biomass for Bioenergy Assessment (ABBA) project and will be available for use on the Australian Renewable Energy Mapping Infrastructure (AREMI) platform, to build a national map to service the renewable energy sector.
The boundary features were extracted from the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) Australian Statistical Geography Standard (ASGS) digital boundaries [Copyright Commonwealth of Australia administered by the ABS]. This dataset is mapped at the Statistical Area Level 2 (SA2).
Each SA2 region shows the average annual poultry manure and bedding residues for the period July 2010 to June 2015 (average of 5 years). The SA2 residues were derived using the 'parent' SA4 region residue totals (calculated using the ABS ASGS Agricultural Commodities, Australia, cat. no. 7121.0 data cubes and from research carried out by the NSW Forest Science unit, Department of Primary Industries - Forestry) and by applying calculated percentages using livestock numbers from the ABS 2010-11 SA2 agricultural survey data to determine the distribution of residues at this level. Please note the location of residues for the SA2 maps is based on the 2010-11 livestock distribution.
Note: For Layer chickens, only manure was calculated. For Meat chickens and All other poultry, manure plus bedding was calculated. This is due to limitations of the ABS dataset in that it does not detail the type of system employed at the farming scale (i.e. caged, barn or free range). Without this information, calculating the bedding component was not achievable for some livestock. For poultry, although this information was not available, assumptions from literature were able to be used and applied beyond regional boundaries across NSW. For more detail about the methodology and assumptions used in the manure and bedding calculations please see the poultry SA4 level dataset.
Some SA2 regions were merged and the results were combined. Most commonly merged regions were built up areas contained wholly within the same regional area (i.e. Goulburn and Goulburn Region were merged) or adjacent regions that were either small or built up areas.
For more information on the derivation of the residue volumes please contact the NSW Forest Science unit and look at the following references:
Poultry
Wiedemann SG et al. (2015) ‘Grower options for spent litter utilisation’, RIRDC Publication No. 14/093. www.agrifutures.com.au/wp-content/uploads/publications/14-093.pdf
McGahan E et al. (2014) ‘National Environmental Management System for the Meat Chicken Industry Version 2 - Part A – Manual of Good Practice for the Meat Chicken Industry’, RIRDC Publication No. 14/100. http://www.agrifutures.com.au/publications/national-environmental-management-system-for-the-meat-chicken-industry-version-2/
Wiedemann SG (2015) ‘Energy Recovery from Litter: A Guide for Users’, FSA Consulting, RIRDC Publication No. 14/096. www.agrifutures.com.au/wp-content/uploads/publications/14-096.pdf
ASAE D384.2 (2005) ‘Manure Production and Characteristics’, In: ASAE STANDARDS 2005. www.agronext.iastate.edu/immag/pubs/manure-prod-char-d384-2.pdf
Barnett JL et al. (2008) ‘National Animal Welfare Standards for the Chicken Meat Industry, Manual for Meat Chicken Farming’, ISBN 1 921010 22 3. http://www.chicken.org.au/files/_system/Document/Animal%20Welfare%20Standards/ME%20074%20Chicken%20Standards%20-%20Farming%20Manual-2.pdf
Runge GA et al. (2007) ‘Chicken litter – Issues associated with sourcing and use’, RIRDC Publication No. 07/035. www.agrifutures.com.au/wp-content/uploads/publications/07-035.pdf
Scott P et al. (2009) ‘Structure and dynamics of Australia's commercial poultry and ratite industries’, Report prepared for: The Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Office of the Chief Veterinary Officer by Scolexia Animal and Avian Health Consultancy. https://www.google.com.au/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0ahUKEwiF3KOz5qbZAhUN8WMKHbfgAGYQFggnMAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.agriculture.gov.au%2FSiteCollectionDocuments%2Fanimal-plant%2Fanimal-health%2Flivestock-movement%2Fstructure-poultry-ratite-ind.doc&usg=AOvVaw0RQPilOEqf4frem_Bc5D5
Tag: NSW-LB
Copyright Text: NSW Forest Science, Department of Primary Industries - Forestry
Description: This dataset estimates the mass in dry tonnes (wet tonnes also given) of poultry manure and bedding residues potentially available across NSW, Australia. This information has been collated for the Australian Biomass for Bioenergy Assessment (ABBA) project and will be available for use on the Australian Renewable Energy Mapping Infrastructure (AREMI) platform, to build a national map to service the renewable energy sector.
The boundary features were extracted from the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) Australian Statistical Geography Standard (ASGS) digital boundaries [Copyright Commonwealth of Australia administered by the ABS]. This dataset is mapped at the Statistical Area Level 4 (SA4).
Each SA4 region shows the average annual poultry manure and bedding residues for the period July 2010 to June 2015 (average of 5 years). The SA4 residues were calculated using data from the ABS ASGS Agricultural Commodities, Australia, cat. no. 7121.0 data cubes and from research carried out by the NSW Forest Science unit, Department of Primary Industries - Forestry.
The residues were calculated for each ABS class of poultry as follows: Layer chickens, Meat chickens and All other (ducks, turkeys, other - classed as Meat chickens in this dataset). Assumptions were made as detailed data at the farm scale was unavailable to determine the regional breakdown of percentage of farms that are caged, barn or free range. From the literature, assumptions were made as follows. For Layers, approximately 70% of the industry are caged and manure is collected by conveyor belt, therefore no bedding will be calculated, only manure as excreted. For Meat chickens and All other poultry, manure plus bedding will be calculated. Calculations of manure and bedding are based on the following assumptions: most meat chickens are housed in barns; single-batch litter systems are the most common with 5.5 batches/year; for NSW most common bedding depth = 50mm; basic density of bedding material = 410kg/m3 (softwood sawdust and shavings); stocking density = 30-40kg/m2 = 14 birds/m2 (conservative); poultry litter figures may vary +/-20%. For Layers, wet weight (WW), total solids (TS) and volatile solids (VS) were calculated. For Meat chickens and All other, wet weight (WW), total solids (TS), volatile solids (VS), minimum VS (-20%) and maximum VS (+20%) were calculated. When all calculations were complete for an SA4 region, the class totals were added together to give an overall Total WW, Total TS, Total VS, Min VS and Max VS manure and bedding residues for each SA4 region.
For more information on the derivation of the residue volumes please contact the NSW Forest Science unit and look at the following references:
Poultry
Wiedemann SG et al. (2015) ‘Grower options for spent litter utilisation’, RIRDC Publication No. 14/093. www.agrifutures.com.au/wp-content/uploads/publications/14-093.pdf
McGahan E et al. (2014) ‘National Environmental Management System for the Meat Chicken Industry Version 2 - Part A – Manual of Good Practice for the Meat Chicken Industry’, RIRDC Publication No. 14/100. http://www.agrifutures.com.au/publications/national-environmental-management-system-for-the-meat-chicken-industry-version-2/
Wiedemann SG (2015) ‘Energy Recovery from Litter: A Guide for Users’, FSA Consulting, RIRDC Publication No. 14/096. www.agrifutures.com.au/wp-content/uploads/publications/14-096.pdf
ASAE D384.2 (2005) ‘Manure Production and Characteristics’, In: ASAE STANDARDS 2005. www.agronext.iastate.edu/immag/pubs/manure-prod-char-d384-2.pdf
Barnett JL et al. (2008) ‘National Animal Welfare Standards for the Chicken Meat Industry, Manual for Meat Chicken Farming’, ISBN 1 921010 22 3. http://www.chicken.org.au/files/_system/Document/Animal%20Welfare%20Standards/ME%20074%20Chicken%20Standards%20-%20Farming%20Manual-2.pdf
Runge GA et al. (2007) ‘Chicken litter – Issues associated with sourcing and use’, RIRDC Publication No. 07/035. www.agrifutures.com.au/wp-content/uploads/publications/07-035.pdf
Scott P et al. (2009) ‘Structure and dynamics of Australia's commercial poultry and ratite industries’, Report prepared for: The Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Office of the Chief Veterinary Officer by Scolexia Animal and Avian Health Consultancy. https://www.google.com.au/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0ahUKEwiF3KOz5qbZAhUN8WMKHbfgAGYQFggnMAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.agriculture.gov.au%2FSiteCollectionDocuments%2Fanimal-plant%2Fanimal-health%2Flivestock-movement%2Fstructure-poultry-ratite-ind.doc&usg=AOvVaw0RQPilOEqf4frem_Bc5D5
Tag: NSW-LB
Copyright Text: NSW Forest Science, Department of Primary Industries - Forestry